Battery runtime and hot swap

Manufacturers quote runtime under ideal conditions. Real hours are lower with a load, on slopes, with a fast pace or in cold rooms. A humanoid with a two-hour claim may do one hour of useful work. Also check charging time, because a robot that works two hours and charges for three covers little of a shift.

Hot swap lets you pull a depleted battery and insert a charged one, so the robot works around the clock with spare packs. This is common for warehouse AMRs and some humanoids. For cleaning or security, auto-docking and charging between rounds can be enough.